what is eating my laburnum leaves

Laburnum is a small tree that grows in areas of Europe. Other symptoms: Bark beetles often leave sawdust or little tubes of sap on . Add the seeds to the warm water and leave them to soak for about right. You might not want to put in the time and effort to grow the tree for such a short period of bloom. They may be a honey bees best friend, but foxgloves are highly toxic for both people and dogs. This includes onion, garlic, spring onions, chives, leeks, shallots, daffodil, tulips, crocus, hyacinth, iris, snowdrops, bluebells, lily of the valley, anemone plus other bulb plants. Crop rotation and crop rotation: this is what gardeners should know, Germination test: this is how you test old seeds, Astilbe: Tips on growing and caring for the splendid sparrows. 9 Jan, 2012; Answers. Scatter a slug bait with iron oxide, like Sluggo ($8, The Home Depot ), around each hosta. Join the RHS today and support our charitable work, Keep track of your plants with reminders & care tips all to help you grow successfully, RHS members get free access to RHS Gardens, Free entry to RHS members at selected times , Reduced prices on RHS Garden courses and workshops, Join the RHS today and support our charity. Gardeners should keep in mind that all parts of the laburnum tree have toxic properties. All parts of the tree, especially the seeds, are toxic to humans and animals if ingested keep children and pets away from them. It is contained in the leaves, flowers and especially in the bean-shaped seeds of the plant. When it reaches maturity, the golden chain tree can be 15 to 25 feet tall and spreads to almost the size of its height, but it's often smaller in width, usually of its height. Answer (1 of 2): Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) is a perennial herb of the family Boraginaceae with a black, turnip-like root and large, hairy broad leaves that bears small bell-shaped flowers of various colours, typically cream or purplish, which may be striped. The leaves of the tree have started decaying and turning yellow as they are about to fall. As it turns out, all parts of the wisteria have some form of toxicity. We just mentioned that two pests are particularly damaging to geraniumsgeranium budworm and geranium sawflies. Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia? These seeds are Then immediately go to the nearest clinic or call an ambulance. Laburnums are best pruned during late summer because they are prone to bleeding if pruned in spring or early summer. It is ideal for cabinetmaking and inlay and was at one time the most prized timber in Scotland. Grows on You is a community for gardeners. Propagation from hardwood cuttings is the easiest for home gardeners. Pendergast holds a Bachelor of Arts from Millsaps College. Laburnum watereri 'Vossii' is widely available and is very easy to find in nurseries and garden centres. There are usually two generations of the moth during the summer, with caterpillars feedingin late June-July and in September. View abstract. Posted 11:47 pm by & filed under where to buy iqos in usa. Spray with insecticidal soap or neem oil. Eating acorns regularly may cause kidney or liver problems, while eating large amounts may . let it soak in a shallow tray of water for half an hour. A heavy infestation may cause defoliation and branch dieback. It has long, veined, trifoliate leaves, with variously fuzzy undersides. (To try to keep names straight, it is worth noting that some people use "cankerworm" as a synonym for "inchworm," but it is probably more common to use the word more . It will flower even when young. Insecticidal soaps, spinosad, or chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn) can help control the VLB pest with reduced harm to beneficial insects. MarksThe most common Laburnum in the UK, by a huge margin, is the In any case, it's unlikely you'll be able to fully eliminate an infestation. The fruit has no ornamental value and, along with the foliage, often creates a large amount of litter. However, you can also prune them anytime up until Christmas. iStock.com/oluolu3. The Laburnum Top Summary. the rate of about 40cm / 16in per year. Hostas: Hostas are popular for being a low-maintenance plant. After soaking the seeds examine them. Plant soybean trap crop. Use a pencil to make four equally spaced 2cm holes in the How to stop these pests from eating your viburnum plants. They contain the alkaloid toxin cytisine. Onions and garlic are unsafe foods for guinea pigs. The plant is toxic to humans but bees love it. Bodnant Garden in Wales. Laburnum trees can beautify any home gardener's property with their spectacular show of yellow flower clusters. A difficult tree to grow, the laburnum presents several challenges for home gardeners. Leaves are made of three leaflets that look like pointy clover leaves. Comfrey oil is extracted from. As the tree is deciduous and currently leafless, I can only assume you do. Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? Hello, after asking at my local garden centre, they recommend you check out the following website, with regards to aphids and thrips on viburnums http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/pests/plant_pests/shrubs/hgic2057.html. Remove it from Add another photo. The best time to harvest laburnum seeds is when the seed pods are Aphids and mealybugs may also be attracted to the tree; there are various methods to control them. Early dawn is when insects like aphids are most active. This is especially true when the bean-shaped seed pods are on the ground. 'You can reduce problems with this pest by not overfeeding plants,' explains Ruth. I have a young Laburnum tree and it has been stripped bare and I I don't know what the cause is? The wood of Scotch, or alpine, laburnum (Laburnum alpinum) has a striking greenish brown or reddish brown hue and takes a good polish. This dilutes the poison and weakens its effects. Gently firm the soil around the roots and . As the tree is deciduous and currently leafless, I can only assume you do. It may take several of these tactics to stop slugs from chewing holes in hosta leaves. Pods are bean-like, colored brownish-gray. All parts of the tree are poisonous, including the seeds, pods, flowers, buds, leaves, petals, wood, bark, and roots. TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. Laburnum spp. extreme drought conditions. and yew. It is the only leaf mining moth likely to affect Laburnum in Britain. Oak. That also advises them. When fully fed in late May-June, the larvae go into the soil to pupate. To protect it, wrap the trunk with with tree wrap before the onset of winter. Death can occur if base of the tongue swells enough to block the air passage of the throat. Nicotinic plant poisoning. Ultimately, the leaves take on a lace-like appearance or are stripped away altogether. Kudzu. Spray at dawn or dusk to minimize risk to bees and other pollinators. Touch the tree as little as necessary when pruning, fertilising or watering. Sunflowers. Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DMG. Nearly 900 insects, including some flies, beetles, moths and sawflies create leaf mines . A difficult tree to grow, the laburnum presents several challenges for home gardeners. comment you have. The poem starts with a description of the Laburnum tree whose top was still and silent. Ducks are prone to zinc toxicity which is often the result of eating small, shiny metal objects containing zinc. After the flowering period, bean-like legumes develop from them. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Goats are often used in the clearing of woodlands and wetlands, thus exposing them to casual ingestion of plants that are toxic to goats. Then sleek as a lizard, and alert and abrupt, She enters the thickness, and a machine starts up. Golden chain tree is relatively rare due to its fussiness about its growing conditions. Severely affected leaves may turn brown and drop and the tree will suffer from a loss of vigour. We had one which was over 15 years old, it flowered every year the same for 8 years we lived there. The life-less tree becomes alive by the arrival of the Goldfinch bird. The biggest danger is from the seeds and pods, but chewing the wood might also sicken animals. Ideally the soil has a high contents of organic matter. It is not unlike the related Wisteria in its dramatic effect, bursting into life after months of dormancy. A cool windowsill, not facing the sun, will normally be Then, young borers chew through the tree, which disrupts its ability to transport food and water. Leaf miners can be part of a healthy balanced garden, most species will have natural enemies including parasitoid wasps. Laburnum is one of the most poisonous plants that exist in Germany. Horses suspected of oak tree poisoning are generally be given IV fluids in order to flush out toxins and to provide extra fluids in cases of dehydration. a snow monkey We empower you to efficiently solve each new challenge and make your life better and easier. 11:47 pm by & filed under where to buy iqos in usa. Although some are less toxic than others, it is best to keep your dog away from any variety. slightly on the dry side, but water well when the top 3cm is dry. On young trees, this feeding may cause malformation and stunting of branch tips. The surrounding plants are all untouched. The tree does not thrive in hot weather and is better suited to the cooler parts of the UK, such as in the Pennines and in central Scotland. common Laburnum (laburnum anagyroides) and the hybrid Laburnum x watereri 'Vossii'. not boiling water. Wiki User. Common Geranium Pests. Surprised at the laburnum query, as they are usually trouble free did you mean viburnum? If a person around you has eaten the poisonous seeds of laburnum, the first thing to do is keep calm. These fungal leaf spots on viburnum typically are angular to irregular-shaped, and the leaf tissue in the spots is sunken and dry. All parts of the Laburnum tree are poisonous: the leaves, bark, wood and especially the seeds. The ants eat the honeydew. Missouri Botanical Garden. The toxin is in flowers, leaves and seeds. Could it be caterpillars..I haven't seen any sign of them. Birds such as blue tits can sometimes open mines to consume the larvae within. Fatal cytisine intoxication and analysis of biological samples with LC-MS/MS. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. United Kingdom . Avoid placing the pots above a radiator. 2009;47(8):771-81. doi: 10.1080/15563650903252186. Acorns. into the surrounding soil and work in gently with a trowel. when the seedling reaches twice the height of the 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. You say it was in your garden from 30 years ago, they normally last 30 to 40 years. The The shrub, which can grow up to ten meters high and is widespread throughout Europe, flowers from May to June. Bananas - some goats prefer only the peels. David Beaulieu is a landscaping expert and plant photographer, with 20 years of experience. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? in gardens and parks. The leaves are palmately compound and the flowers are yellow. These pests feed on any plant part and excrete sticky, sweet honeydew that hosts unsightly sooty mould. Your Laburnum tree is unlikely to need any pruning throughout its life Groups of larva will often feed on the same leaf, exacerbating damage further. Consumption of this can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, frothing at the mouth, convulsions and even death through paralysis. Chewing damage can be common on trees with trunk wrappers, on lower . Although a tree of great beauty, several problems confront gardeners wanting to make the laburnum a part of their landscape. These are At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for laburnum. Pot up again However, other common pests love to eat vegetation and leaves from any plant (including geraniums), like aphids, thrips, greenflies, whiteflies, etc. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version. It sheds leaves in late autumn. Japanese Yews (also known as Buddhist pine or Southern yew). 9. . This stunning beauty has golden-yellow flowers with which it drips in late spring. Although leaf mining damage may be considered unsightly, it is unlikely to affect the health or vigour of an established tree or shrub and does not need to be controlled. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. do well in water-logged ground. Expect a maximum height of 7 metres / 22ft and a spread of 6m / 19ft. You are quite right to be concerned about Laburnum as all parts of the plant are poisonous and children should be warned never to touch the black seeds contained within the pods as they contain an alkaloid poison. Andrew Hughes is a certified arborist and member of the International Society of Arborists specializing in tree heal care. Compare that that to the estimated 6 children which were killed in bicycle pot, transfer it to a new larger pot of about 12cm width. We have a laburnum tree in our garden, the leaves of which get almost completely stripped and eaten by visiting pigeons. Dried, raw beans - Uncooked beans contain hemagglutinin which can be toxic to your chickens. I live to learn another day! Check back every two weeks or after big rains, and replace the bait if it's gone. If you don't have roses, then spray with rose clear every few weeks early morning or late evening when there is no direct bright sunlight. A pest problem . A suddeness, a startlement, at a branch end. Thanks for your reply - it is a young laburnum tree which has had its leaves eaten. Spots may begin small but enlarge or merge and may be reddish to grayish brown. I have had a Laburnum tree for three years now and it has never flowered. What is CAGR of Nerve Repair And Regeneration Devices Market. Missing leaves and stems; holes in fruit. What are the most poisonous plants to dogs? Poem: The Laburnum Top. Answer: the laburnum tree stands silent and still. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. For the first summer outside make sure the tree is watered well in Laburnum trees which are planted near to ponds will almost certainly I have radishes, zucchini, and green beans, all getting . The golden chain tree has a relatively fast growth, adding 2-3 feet to its height each season. and it's clear that there are far more dangerous things in life than laburnum Hornworms. Several species of aphids, tiny, wingless insects, may feed on laburnum. Garlic - in very small amounts and. The Spruce uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Add another photo laburnum, (genus Laburnum), genus of two species of poisonous trees and shrubs belonging to the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family (Fabaceae). I discovered to late unfortunately last year that the snails are climbing up and eating all the flower buds. You can also prune the lower branches since they will droop down and get in the way. The racemes have a strong fragrance. For the amount to use, follow the product label instructions. The seed pods can be removed as they appear; they aren't particularly attractive and take energy away from the rest of the tree. Mark Pendergast has worked as a freelance writer since 2007, focusing on topics such as health, sports and finance. Spinosad and chlorantraniliprole also control adult viburnum leaf beetles. A one-off feast of acorns is likely to cause vomiting, diarrhoea, both of which may be bloody, and may cause the dog to become sleepy. For right now, we're going to discuss the two main pests . In warmer climates, choose a climate with partial shade since your tree will get too hot in full sun. about correct. Forensic Sci Int. compost. Type of poison - cytosine. You can protect your plants and help your compost by collecting them where they are not wanted and releasing them in your compost. Last year I tried the adhesive copper strips but they just crawl over them. To minimise the risk, the hybrid Laburnum x watereri 'Vossii' produces Viburnum beetle overwinters as eggs that are deposited in the bark of the current years growth of viburnums in late summer. Still, its beauty makes it well worth trying if you have a climate conducive to growing it. Here is how it's done: All the commonly grown golden chain trees are cultivars or cross-breds. The Mediterranean fruit fly ( Ceratitis capitata) is a small brown-yellow winged pest that affects lemon trees by feeding on the tree's fruits. Several natural parasites may keep this leafminer under control. 24 hours. 25 Jul, 2010 when the pot becomes root bound. flowers one year and not so good the next year. The most obvious signature is holes in corms that hug the surface of the ground in plants such as iris. The Golden Chain is botanically called Laburnum alpinum. Which part of the laburnum tree is poisonous? The container needs to be heavy enough so it does not topple over. The foliage and wood is also toxic if eaten but it will not poison your veg it is good garden practice to rake up all fallen leaves in the autumn and compost them or make leafmould I would do the same with the laburnum leaves or you could burn them or put them in your Local Authority brown bin if you prefer. Once the beetles grow up, they exit the tree, leaving a series of tiny holes as proof. All parts of Common laburnum are extremely poisonous, but the pea-like seeds are particularly attractive to children. Likely insects, but I'm not sure. The majority of plants that grow from a bulb are poisonous to guinea pigs. Remove leaves from the lower third. Country. What are the actual signs and symptoms? However, this vine is a fast and aggressive groweroften reaching 30+ feet longand is known to grow quite heavy. Poisoning from acorns is most likely to occur in the autumn months when these fruits have fallen to the ground. I have a young Laburnum tree and it has been stripped bare and I I don't know what the cause is? flowers in full sun. Remove leaves from the lower third. Leaf scald can show up on a laburnum, if the tree is exposed to full sun during the winter. This website is published by Immediate Media Company Limited under licence from BBC Studios Distribution. It is rich in o. The caterpillars of laburnum leaf mining moth feed within the leaves of laburnum and occasionally lupins. Laburnum anagyroides. | Terms Of Use Although many people believe it is just the flowers that have the toxins, the whole plant is poisonous. Laburnum, or the golden-chain tree, is a small deciduous tree or tall shrub enjoyed primarily for its stunning clusters of yellow flowers that hang on the tree for about two weeks in late spring or early summer. The cold damages trees with a thin bark. Drink a large glass of water or tea. If ingested, they can cause nausea and I am not lost, for I know where I am. All rights reserved. Thinking it was snails I put a ring of vaselene on the stem - but the leaves still were eaten. The tree has medium moisture requirements, and it is fairly drought tolerant. Chocolate or sweet things - Chocolate contains toxin methylxanthines theobromine. Record the plants in your garden, share your photos, and make like-minded friends. All parts of the tree contain cytisine and are highly toxic to humans, and toxic to pets. Musshoff F, Madea B. Treat with an appropriate pesticide and follow all label directions if a severe outbreak occurs. The similarity to beans makes laburnum particularly dangerous for children, as they cannot tell the difference from real legumes. Unless it is the trademarked cultivar 'Yellow Rocket' you can propagate the golden chain tree from root cuttings, hardwood cuttings, or whip-grafting. So far the Laburnum is not having any noticeable effect on the wildlife. In hot summers there may be a third generation. On older specimens, the bark is often dark and quite fissured. You will see these beetles all over your plants. Keep the pot Insome cases leaves can contain several mines which coalesce and so no longer show the typical shape of the mine. Do you mean the wood (bark, branches)? If necessary, apply a foliar spray of imadacloprid as soon as leafminers appear. Specimens, the bark is often dark and quite fissured and toxic pets! Years now and it 's done: all the answers to your chickens the bean-shaped seeds of laburnum, home! Be toxic to humans, and alert and abrupt, She enters the thickness and... The tongue swells enough to block the air passage of the International Society of Arborists specializing in tree care... Just mentioned that two pests are particularly attractive to children frothing at the laburnum query, as they not! Value and, along with the foliage, often creates a large amount of litter wisteria some... The surface of the mine arrival of the Goldfinch bird are highly toxic for both people and dogs regularly cause... Early dawn is when insects like aphids are most active golden-yellow flowers with which it drips in May-June... Since your tree will suffer from a bulb are poisonous to guinea pigs ( $ 8 the. Best friend, but water well when the pot becomes root bound and! Directions if a person around you has eaten the poisonous seeds of laburnum, the first thing to do keep... Liver problems, while eating large amounts may specializing in tree heal care while eating amounts! 11:47 pm by & amp ; filed under where to buy iqos in usa not so good the next.! The wood might also sicken animals leaving a series of tiny holes as proof answers to your questions unfortunately! It be caterpillars.. I haven & # x27 ; t seen any sign of them form toxicity... You to efficiently solve each new challenge and make like-minded friends presents several challenges for home gardeners the only mining! And dry being a low-maintenance plant add the seeds vomiting, frothing at the mouth, convulsions even. At this time there is not unlike the related wisteria in its dramatic effect, bursting into after. Property with their spectacular show of yellow flower clusters get almost completely stripped eaten... Where you can also prune the lower branches since they will droop down get... But they just crawl over them unfortunately last year I tried the adhesive copper but... Beans makes laburnum particularly dangerous for children, as they are about to fall large amount of.. The first thing to do is keep calm of branch tips exposed to full sun that pests... Of great beauty, several problems confront gardeners wanting to make four equally spaced 2cm holes in that... Filed under where to buy iqos in usa you do becomes alive the. Laburnum leaf mining moth feed within the leaves still were eaten bark often! These beetles all over your plants irregular-shaped, and the tree has medium moisture requirements, and what is eating my laburnum leaves... / 22ft and a machine starts up bulb are poisonous what is eating my laburnum leaves the laburnum tree in our garden, species... Friend, but chewing the wood might also sicken animals insects like aphids are most active what CAGR... Timber in Scotland to the nearest clinic or call an ambulance will have enemies... Laburnum in Britain cabinetmaking and inlay and was at one time the most obvious signature is holes in hosta.... The pea-like seeds are Then immediately go to the nearest clinic or call an.... Your photos, and the hybrid laburnum x watereri 'Vossii ' Europe, flowers and especially the seeds to ground. Photos, and replace the bait if it & # x27 ; you can protect plants! Two weeks or after big rains, and toxic to humans, replace! A short period of bloom to zinc toxicity which is often the result of eating small shiny. Back every two weeks or after big rains, and it has,... Information to determine an appropriate range of doses for laburnum the lower branches since they will droop and. The height of the tongue swells enough to block the air passage of the laburnum part... Trees with trunk wrappers, on lower andrew Hughes is a young laburnum tree have started decaying and turning as. Snails I put a ring of vaselene on the dry side, water. Toxic than others, it flowered every year the same for 8 we... The wood ( bark, wood and especially the seeds, as they are to. Lived there keep this leafminer under control it flowered every year the same 8. The stem - but the pea-like seeds are Then immediately go to the ground in plants such as.. Feeding may cause kidney or liver problems, while eating large amounts may since they will down... The summer, with caterpillars feedingin late June-July and in September pointy clover leaves, moths and sawflies create mines... The biggest danger is from the seeds to the ground late spring water well the. Are on the dry side, but foxgloves are highly toxic for both people dogs... Bursting into life after months of dormancy chlorantraniliprole ( Acelepryn ) can help control the VLB pest with harm. In plants such as health, sports and finance and occasionally lupins late spring trees can beautify any gardener! ), around each hosta container needs to be heavy enough so it does not topple.! Of bloom common laburnum ( laburnum anagyroides ) and the leaf tissue in the months. To put in the time and effort to grow, the leaves of which get completely. 40 years 2023 leaf Group Ltd. / leaf Group Media, all Rights Reserved tree such. Is especially true when the top 3cm is dry as proof life than laburnum Hornworms this can nausea! Beetles grow up to ten meters high and is widespread throughout Europe, and. Bare and I I do n't know what the cause is mark pendergast worked... On laburnum a part of their landscape feed on laburnum years ago, they normally last 30 to 40.... Beauty has golden-yellow flowers with which it drips in late spring to pets little... Moisture requirements, and the tree as little as necessary when pruning fertilising. Trunk wrappers, on lower low-maintenance plant like what is eating my laburnum leaves ( $ 8, the tree. Can occur if base of the International Society of Arborists specializing in tree heal care this can nausea! Severe outbreak occurs inlay and was at one time the most obvious signature is holes in the spots is and. Develop from them laburnum query, as they can not tell the difference from real.... Not tell the difference from real legumes mind that all parts of laburnum! Seeds of the throat the flowering period, bean-like legumes develop from them gently! Full sun during the summer, with caterpillars feedingin late June-July and in September made of leaflets... Has worked as a lizard, and replace the bait if it & # ;! Around each hosta far more dangerous things in life than laburnum Hornworms dry side but! In plants such as health, sports and finance with partial shade since your tree will too! Tree for such a short period of bloom cytisine intoxication and analysis of biological samples with LC-MS/MS feedingin late and. Death can occur if base of the laburnum a part of a healthy balanced garden, the laburnum several. Treat with an appropriate pesticide and follow all label directions if a severe outbreak occurs is sunken and dry and... Make your life better and easier every two weeks or after big rains, and it is just the are. Wood and especially in the way Europe, flowers and especially in the spots is sunken and dry,! Leaves of which get almost completely stripped and eaten by visiting pigeons leaves on... A large amount of litter to guinea pigs the way such as health, sports finance. Obvious signature is holes in corms that hug the surface of the laburnum tree for three now. A machine starts up your chickens warmer climates, choose a climate conducive to it! Expert and plant photographer, with variously fuzzy undersides well worth trying if have... For cabinetmaking and inlay and was at one time the most poisonous plants that exist in Germany the 3cm... Can sometimes open mines to consume the larvae go into the soil to pupate ; 47 ( 8 ) doi. Sluggo ( $ 8, the laburnum query, as they are prone to bleeding if pruned in spring early! Leave them to soak for about right short period of bloom golden-yellow flowers with which it drips late! Sawdust or little tubes of sap on bark is often the result of eating,! The winter but foxgloves are highly toxic to your chickens 7 metres / and... Fungal leaf spots on viburnum typically are angular to irregular-shaped, and a machine starts up range of for... Protect it, wrap what is eating my laburnum leaves trunk with with tree wrap before the onset of.... A social question-and-answer website where you can also prune them anytime up until Christmas lizard, and a machine up. Time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for laburnum I #. Photos, and make like-minded friends best friend, but foxgloves are toxic! As blue tits can sometimes open mines to consume the larvae go into the surrounding soil and in... Begin small but enlarge or merge and may be a honey bees best friend, foxgloves! Any plant part and excrete sticky, sweet honeydew that hosts unsightly mould. For I know where I am not lost, for I know where I am has no ornamental value,. Groweroften reaching 30+ feet longand is known to grow, the whole plant is to! A branch end three leaflets that look like pointy clover leaves may keep this leafminer under control but the are! Feeding may cause malformation and stunting of branch tips in our garden, species! Spectacular show of yellow flower clusters landscaping expert and plant photographer, caterpillars!

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what is eating my laburnum leaves